Update in the Anatomical Insertions of the Anterolateral Ligament: Systematic Review of Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rccot.2019.12.004Keywords:
systematic review, knee, anterolateral ligament, anatomyAbstract
Introduction: Although its anatomy has been extensively studied, there is still controversy in the medical literature as regards when the anterolateral ligament should be reconstructed. Its insertion points have been modified in the most recent studies and this might play an important role in its anatomical reconstruction. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of literature in order to establish insertion points of the anterolateral ligament in the femur and tibia.
Materials and methods: A systematic review of literature was conducted between January 2012 and June 2017. It included post-mortem studies of dissection of the anterolateral ligament in adult knees that reported its anatomical insertions. The following databases were searched: PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar and Cochrane.
Results: A total of 334 studies were found in the systematic review using the key words. After evaluating them, 13 papers fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the study. The anterolateral ligament was not found in the 100% of the post-mortem knees. Its tibial insertion continued to be similarto the original description: between the fibula head and Gerdy’s tubercle. The femoral insertion has changed, now being posterior and proximal to the lateral epicondyle and the insertion of the lateral collateral ligament, as opposed to its initial location of anterior and distal to these structures.
Discussion: The femoral insertion of the anterolateral ligament is currently considered to be proximal and posterior to the origin of the lateral collateral ligament. This is important for an anatomical surgical reconstruction, when the ligament should be fixed in its maximal length, between 20-30º of knee flexion.
Level of evidence: II
Downloads
References
Claes S, Vereecke E, Maes M, Victor J, Verdonk P, Bellemans J. Anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. J Anat. 2013;223:321-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12087
Dietz GW, Wilcox DM, Montgomery JB. Segond tibial condyle fracture: lateral capsular ligament avulsion. Radiology. 1986;159:467-9. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.159.2.3961179
Vincent JP, Magnussen RA, Gezmez F, Uguen A, Jacobi M, Weppe F, et al. The anterolateral ligament of the human knee: an anatomic and histologic study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2012;20:147-52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-011-1580-3
Van der Watt L, Khan M, Rothrauff BB, Ayeni OR, Musahl V, Getgood A, et al. The structure and function of the anterolateral ligament of the knee: a systematic review. Arthroscopy. 2015;31:569-82, e3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.12.015
Farhan PHS, Sudhakaran R, Thilak J. Solving the Mystery of the Antero Lateral Ligament. J Clin Diagn Res. 2017;11: AC01-4. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2017/24656.9326
Helito CP, do Amaral C Jr, Nakamichi YD, Gobbi RG, Bonadio MB, Natalino RJ, et al. Why Do Authors Differ With Regard to the Femoral and Meniscal Anatomic Parameters of the Knee Anterolateral Ligament?: Dissection by Layers and a Description of Its Superficial and Deep Layers. Orthop J Sports Med. 2016;4, https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116675604
Kosy JD, Soni A, Venkatesh R, Mandalia VI. The anterolateral ligament of the knee: unwrapping the enigma Anatomical study and comparison to previous reports. J Orthop Traumatol. 2016;17:303-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-016-0392-0
Caterine S, Litchfield R, Johnson M, Chronik B, Getgood A. A cadaveric study of the anterolateral ligament: re-introducing the lateral capsular ligament. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2015;23:3186-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-3117-z
Dodds AL, Halewood C, Gupte CM, Williams A, Amis AA. The anterolateral ligament: Anatomy, length changes and association with the Segond fracture. Bone Joint J. 2014;96-B:325-31. https://doi.org/10.1302/0301-620X.96B3.33033
Helito CP, Demange MK, Bonadio MB, Tirico LE, Gobbi RG, Pecora JR, et al. Anatomy and Histology of the Knee Anterolateral Ligament. Orthop J Sports Med. 2013;1, https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967113513546
Kennedy MI, Claes S, Fuso FA, Williams BT, Goldsmith MT, Turnbull TL, et al. The Anterolateral Ligament: An Anatomic Radiographic, and Biomechanical Analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2015;43:1606-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515578253
Weber MA. [New aspects on the macroanatomy of anterolateral ligament structures of the knee and the implications for Segond fractures]. Radiologe. 2013;53:1072-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00117-013-2595-1
Claes S, Luyckx T, Vereecke E, Bellemans J. The Segond fracture: a bony injury of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. Arthroscopy. 2014;30:1475-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2014.05.039
Brockmeyer M, Hofer D, Schafer K, Seil R, Becker K, Paulsen F, et al. The anterolateral ligament (ALL) of the knee-Part of the iliotibial tract or a truly separate structure? Ann Anat. 2017;212:1-3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aanat.2017.02.010
Kosy JD, Mandalia VI, Anaspure R. Characterization of the anatomy of the anterolateral ligament of the knee using magnetic resonance imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2015;44: 1647-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00256-015-2218-1
Daggett M, Ockuly AC, Cullen M, Busch K, Lutz C, Imbert P, et al. Femoral Origin of the Anterolateral Ligament: An Anatomic Analysis. Arthroscopy. 2016;32:835-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2015.10.006
Helito CP, Helito PV, Bonadio MB, Pecora JR, Bordalo-Rodrigues M, Camanho GL, et al. Correlation of Magnetic Resonance Imaging With Knee Anterolateral Ligament Anatomy: A Cadaveric Study. Orthop J Sports Med. 2015;3, https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967115621024
Potu BK, Salem AH, Abu-Hijleh MF. Morphology of Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: A Cadaveric Observation with Clinical Insight. Adv Med. 2016;2016:9182863. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/9182863
Ingham SJM, de Carvalho RT, Martins CAQ, Lertwanich P, Abdalla RJ, Smolinski P, et al. Anterolateral ligament anatomy: a comparative anatomical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25:1048-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-015-3956-2
Parker M, Smith HF. Anatomical variation in the anterolateral ligament of the knee and a new dissection technique for embalmed cadaveric specimens. Anat Sci Int. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12565-016-0386-2
Rahnemai-Azar AA, Miller RM, Guenther D, Fu FH, Lesniak BP, Musahl V, et al. Structural Properties of the Anterolateral Capsule and Iliotibial Band of the Knee. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:892-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546515623500
Patel RM, Brophy RH. Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: Anatomy, Function. Imaging, and Treatment. Am J Sports Med. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517695802
Daggett M, Helito C, Cullen M, Ockuly A, Busch K, Granite J, et al. The Anterolateral Ligament: An Anatomic Study on Sex-Based Differences. Orthop J Sports Med. 2017;5, https://doi.org/10.1177/2325967116689387
Kraeutler MJ, Welton KL, Chahla J, LaPrade RF, McCarty EC. Current Concepts of the Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee: Anatomy. Biomechanics, and Reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2017, https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546517701920
Kent RN3rd, Boorman-Padgett JF, Thein R, van der List JP, Nawabi DH, Wickiewicz TL, et al. High Interspecimen Variability in Engagement of the Anterolateral Ligament: An In Vitro Cadaveric Study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-017-5375-9
Fardin PBA, Lizardo JHF, Baptista JDS. Study of the Anterolateral Ligament of the Knee in Formalin-Embedded Cadavers. Acta Ortop Bras. 2017;25:89-92. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-785220172502162204
Runer A, Birkmaier S, Pamminger M, Reider S, Herbst E, Kunzel KH, et al. The anterolateral ligament of the knee: A dissection study. Knee. 2016;23:8-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2015.09.014
Roessler PP, Schuttler KF, Stein T, Gravius S, Heyse TJ, Prescher A, et al. Anatomic dissection of the anterolateral ligament (ALL) in paired fresh-frozen cadaveric knee joints. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2017;137:249-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-016-2617-3
Roessler PP, Schuttler KF, Heyse TJ, Wirtz DC, Efe T. The anterolateral ligament (ALL) and its role in rotational extraarticular stability of the knee joint: a review of anatomy and surgical concepts. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2016;136: 305-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00402-015-2395-3
Stijak L, Bumbasirevic M, Radonjic V, Kadija M, Puskas L, Milovanovic D, et al. Anatomic description of the anterolateral ligament of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2016;24:2083-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00167-014-3422-6
Sonnery-Cottet B, Daggett M, Fayard JM, Ferretti A, Helito CP, Lind M, et al. Anterolateral Ligament Expert Group consensus paper on the management of internal rotation and instability of the anterior cruciate ligament - deficient knee. J Orthop Traumatol. 2017;18:91-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10195-017-0449-8
Kittl C, El-Daou H, Athwal KK, Gupte CM, Weiler A, Williams A, et al. The Role of the Anterolateral Structures and the ACL in Controlling Laxity of the Intact and ACL-Deficient Knee: Response. Am J Sports Med. 2016;44:NP15-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546516638070
Wieser K, Furnstahl P, Carrillo F, Fucentese SF, Vlachopoulos L. Assessment of the Isometry of the Anterolateral Ligament in a 3- Dimensional Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography Simulation. Arthroscopy. 2017;33:1016-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2016.11.005
Neri T, Palpacuer F, Testa R, Bergandi F, Boyer B, Farizon F, et al. The anterolateral ligament: Anatomic implications for its reconstruction. Knee. 2017;24:1083-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.knee.2017.07.001
DePhillipo NN, Cinque ME, Chahla J, Geeslin AG, LaPrade RF. Anterolateral Ligament Reconstruction Techniques Biomechanics, and Clinical Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Arthroscopy. 2017;33:1575-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2017.03.009
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Sociedad Colombiana de Cirugía Ortopédica y Traumatología.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.
| Article metrics | |
|---|---|
| Abstract views | |
| Galley vies | |
| PDF Views | |
| HTML views | |
| Other views | |
